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The city, Itil, was the capital of the Khazars, a powerful nation that adopted Judaism as its official religion more than 1,000 years ago, only to disappear, leaving little trace of its culture.

It was mentioned in medieval travellers' accounts but Soviet dictator Josef Stalin banned any research into the city and the Khazars, fearing it would prove Russia was descended from a Jewish state.

The city made a fortune from trade but its prosperity declined and in the 14th century it was flooded by the Caspian Sea.

At their height, the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, controlled much of what is now southern Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan and large parts of Russia's North Caucasus region.

The Khazars' ruling dynasty and nobility converted to Judaism sometime in the 8th or 9th centuries. Vasilyev said the limited number of Jewish religious artifacts such as mezuzas and Stars of David found at other Khazar sites prove that ordinary Khazars preferred traditional beliefs such as shamanism, or newly introduced religions including Islam.

Yevgeny Satanovsky, director of the Middle Eastern Institute in Moscow, said he believes the Khazar elite chose Judaism out of political expediency – to remain independent of neighboring Muslim and Christian states. "They embraced Judaism because they wanted to remain neutral, like Switzerland these days," he said.

The Khazars succeeded in holding off the Arabs, but a young, expanding Russian state vanquished the Khazar empire in the late 10th century. Medieval Russian epic poems mention Russian warriors fighting the "Jewish Giant."

The study of the Khazar empire was discouraged in the Soviet Union. Stalin detested the idea that a Jewish empire had come before Russia's own. He ordered references to Khazar history removed from textbooks because they "disproved his theory of Russian statehood," Mr Satanovsky added.

Around 10 university archaeologists and some 50 students took part in excavations in the region this summer, which are partly financed by the Jewish University in Moscow and the Russian Jewish Congress.

www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/3072167/Jewish-city-f
eared-by-Stalin-is-rediscovered.html
www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2008-09-22-russia-khazars-ca
pital_N.htm

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Semite.
1 a : a member of any of a number of peoples of ancient southwestern Asia including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and ARABS - b : a descendant of these peoples - 2 : a member of a modern people speaking a Semitic language.
—Merriam Webster Dictionary

"A 'Semite' is any person living in that area, including Arabs and Christians. It's time we start talking about 'The Other AntiSemitism'. A Semite is not a Jew living in America or Europe."
—Ralph Nader (Arab-American from Lebannon), Independent presidential candidate in 2008, Reform Party presidential candidate in 2004, Green Party presidential candidate in 2000, Arab-American Business conference, C-SPAN, 2003

“Jews always have to try to deceive Non-Jews.”
-Jewish Babylonian (Iraqi) Talmud, Zohar I, 168a

“Every Jew is allowed to use lies and perjury to bring a Non-Jew to
ruin.”
-Jewish Babylonian (Iraqi) Talmud, Babha Kama 113a

“The possessions of the goyim are like an ownerless desert, and
everybody (every Jew) who seizes it, has acquired it.”
-Jewish Babylonian (Iraqi) Talmud, IV/3/54b

“When the Messiah comes, all will be slaves of the Jews.”
-Jewish Babylonian (Iraqi) Talmud, Erubin 43b

"I am convinced that the persecution of the Jew is not in any large degree due to religious prejudice. No, the Jew is a money-getter. He made it the end and aim of his life. He was at it in Rome. He has been at it ever since. His success has made the whole human race his enemy."
-Mark Twain, member of Jewish Bohemian Grove

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The picture which I enclose illustrates what I have been trying to tell you. It is a picture of a great fisherman, in the act of bagging a trout which he is about ready to pull from the water. You can see eagerness, anticipation, and pleasure expressed in his every look and gesture. It is symbolic of true sportsmanship. But think — my boy — would the fisherman ever get a thrill out of fishing if he stopped to think just how the poor fish felt about it?

As ever, your affectionate father,

(signed)

Speerpoint Moregain
Via Rue de Bankruptcy
Paris, France

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